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Will ERC-8004 repeat the mistakes of account abstraction?

Will ERC-8004 repeat the mistakes of account abstraction?

Author: Haotian Last time I talked about how the x402 protocol continues the Lightning Network. Recently, while having dinner with a group of programmer friends, I was "challenged" again: Isn't x402 just the previous AA account abstraction? The subtext is that Ethereum has been working on account abstraction for many years, investing so many resources in ERC-4337, Paymaster, and various grants and wallet service providers, but as we've seen, it has been criticized by many for being all talk and no action. Although I don't think AA has failed, what exactly is the problem? 1. Paymaster shifts the user's gas consumption to the project team, which sounds great, but the project team's motivation to burn money on payment is very weak, and the ROI is unclear. It has undoubtedly entered a dead end in the business model. How can it survive on blood transfusions without the ability to generate its own revenue? 2. The AA account abstraction is limited to the EVM ecosystem. For example, ERC4337, Paymaster, and EntryPoint contracts are all Ethereum-specific. If you want to achieve cross-EVM ecosystem use including Solana, BTC, etc., you have to add more middleware services to realize the function. However, the problem is that the middleware services add another layer of transaction fee sharing, which makes the ROI of the business model even more challenging! There are many complex technical issues, which I won't go into detail about, but to put it simply, AA is essentially a product of "technology for technology's sake," a work that reflects the past trend of pure research in Ethereum. In comparison, what is the x402 protocol all about? What are the differences? Some criticize it for bringing out the ancient HTTP 402 status code, which has been around for 30 years, and playing the game of carving on gold. But don't forget the HTTP 402 status code—this is the underlying protocol of the Internet, the common language of Web2 and Web3. AA requires smart contracts, on-chain state, and EVM virtual machine execution, while x402 only requires an HTTP request header and can be used by any system that supports HTTP—Web2 APIs, Web3 RPCs, and even traditional payment gateways are all compatible. This is not an optimization solution based on stacked technologies, but a "dimensional reduction attack" that simplifies the protocol layer. Instead of messing around with various compatibility, adaptation and trust methods at the application layer, it is better to first unify the standards of the upstream protocol layer. The key point is that x402 is a naturally good cross-chain interoperability standard. As long as the agent can send HTTP requests, handle 402 responses, and complete EIP-3009 authorization (or equivalent standards of other chains), whether it is Base, Monad, Solana, Avalanche or BSC, there is no cross-chain awareness at the protocol level. It is only reflected in the single point of failure of settlement and payment. In comparison, the cost of cross-chain is much lower. Facilitator can serve multiple chains simultaneously, and users' payment history data can be indexed uniformly. Developers can "connect" the entire ecosystem by integrating it once. My overall impression is that AA is a sophisticated project driven by a researcher's mindset, while the x402 protocol is a pragmatic approach forced by market demand. The question is, will ERC-8004 follow the same path as AA? From a purely theoretical perspective, ERC-8004 is very similar to AA 2.0. It is still exclusive to EVM and requires the deployment of a three-layer registry (Identity/Reputation/Validation). Early incentives also rely heavily on external subsidies or staking. These are all pitfalls that AA has encountered. If other chains want to be compatible, they will still have to add an extra layer of trust costs. The difference lies in the fact that, within the x402 framework, ERC-8004 is merely a tool, not a overarching standard. Other chains need to be compatible with the x402 protocol, not ERC8004. This difference in positioning is crucial. What was AA's problem back then? It wanted to become "the sole standard for Ethereum payment experience," demanding that the entire ecosystem revolve around it: wallets had to adapt, applications had to integrate, and users had to change their habits. This kind of top-down push, without a killer application and a clear ROI, naturally couldn't succeed. ERC-8004 is different. It doesn't need to be the main player because x402 has already solved the core problem: payment. ERC-8004 simply provides an "optional" trust layer on this already working payment network. Moreover, ERC-8004 is riding on the coattails of x402, so it doesn't need to build its own ecosystem from scratch. x402 already has a clear business loop (Provider traffic generation, Facilitator charging), a complete technology stack (HTTP protocol + EIP-3009), and an active project ecosystem. ERC-8004 only needs to be "plug and play".
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PANews2025/11/14 17:00
Bitcoin ETF Outflows Hit $870 Million: Second-Largest Withdrawal on Record

Bitcoin ETF Outflows Hit $870 Million: Second-Largest Withdrawal on Record

According to SoSoValue, the Grayscale Bitcoin Mini Trust experienced the highest withdrawals, with $318.2 million withdrawn from the fund. BlackRock's IBIT, usually a good performer, experienced an outflow of $256.6 million. The FBTC of Fidelity reported redemptions totaling $119.9 million.U.S. spot bitcoin exchange-traded funds recorded $869.9 million in net outflows on Thursday, representing the second-largest withdrawal since these investment vehicles launched. The mass exodus reflects growing caution among investors as the price of bitcoin declined sharply.Other outflows originated from Grayscale's GBTC and funds managed by Ark, 21Shares, Bitwise, VanEck, Invesco, Valkyrie, and Franklin Templeton. All significant bitcoin ETF providers recorded net withdrawals throughout the session.The largest outflows were recorded on a single day, February 25, 2025, when the funds experienced an exit of $1.14 billion. The numbers on Thursday represent a major change in investor sentiment toward cryptocurrency exposure.Institutions Pull Back Amid Economic UncertaintyAccording to Vincent Liu, the chief investment officer at Kronos Research, the withdrawals were a ”risk-off reset.” Economic indications are not all positive, and institutions are decreasing their exposure to volatile assets.According to Liu, large outflows are indicative of a risk-off reset, which occurs when institutions withdraw in response to macroeconomic noise. He observed that short-term momentum is under pressure, but there is long-term structural demand for Bitcoin.The outflows coincide with deteriorating market conditions across multiple asset classes. Investors are reallocating capital from high-risk investments to safer alternatives.Min Jung, a research associate at Presto Research, stressed the broad nature of the sell-off. Markets are witnessing widespread de-risking as uncertainty around Federal Reserve policy intensifies.”Investors are pulling capital from higher-beta assets and rotating into safety, reflecting uncertainty around the Fed's path and deteriorating macro sentiment,” Jung explained.Bitcoin Price Drops Below $98,000At press time, Bitcoin is trading at $97,184, suggesting a 6.34% decline in the last 24 hours. BTC price action over the past 24 Hours (Source: CoinMarketCap)Liu described the drop as a ”liquidity let-down” where cascading liquidations met thin order books. Buyers have concentrated their demand between $92,000 and $95,000, creating a potential support zone.”Until fresh flows refill the books, volatility stays front and center,” Liu said.Justin d'Anethan, head of research at Arctic Digital, identified current levels as critical support. A break lower could push prices into the lower $90,000 range.”I suspect those levels would be seen by many as a buying opportunity, especially for all those left on the sidelines when BTC, not that long ago, was pushing past the mid $120Ks,” d'Anethan noted.The market's recent high above $120,000 now appears distant as selling pressure mounts. Long-term investors may view these lower prices as opportunities to enter the market.
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Coinstats2025/11/14 16:16
Bitcoin Price Surge: Incredible 12-Day Rally Expected After TGA Liquidity Normalization

Bitcoin Price Surge: Incredible 12-Day Rally Expected After TGA Liquidity Normalization

BitcoinWorld Bitcoin Price Surge: Incredible 12-Day Rally Expected After TGA Liquidity Normalization Could we be on the verge of a significant Bitcoin price surge? Recent analysis suggests that the normalization of TGA liquidity might trigger exactly that. According to experts, historical patterns indicate we could see substantial Bitcoin price movement within days. What Does TGA Liquidity Mean for Bitcoin Price? The Treasury General Account (TGA) serves as the U.S. Treasury’s operating cash account. When funds get released from this account, it injects liquidity into financial markets. This liquidity often finds its way into various assets, including cryptocurrencies. The current situation mirrors historical patterns that previously benefited Bitcoin price action. Glassnode co-founders Yann Happel and Jan Allemann, through their Negentropic X account, have identified a crucial pattern. They note that funds are now flowing from the TGA following the recent government shutdown resolution. This development could significantly impact Bitcoin price trends in the coming weeks. Why Historical Precedent Matters for Bitcoin Investors The 2019 government shutdown provides a compelling case study. During that period, Bitcoin experienced a notable rebound exactly 12 days after liquidity normalized. This historical correlation suggests we might see similar Bitcoin price movement patterns now. Key factors supporting this analysis include: Liquidity injection timing – The peak crunch has passed Market sentiment improvement – Conditions are stabilizing Historical validation – Previous patterns repeating How Much Liquidity Are We Talking About? The estimated $150 billion release represents substantial market-moving power. This capital injection could provide the upward momentum needed for a significant Bitcoin price increase. Analysts suggest the worst market conditions have passed, creating ideal circumstances for Bitcoin price appreciation. Market participants should watch these key developments: TGA fund release progression Bitcoin price reaction in coming days Overall market liquidity indicators Institutional investment patterns What This Means for Your Bitcoin Strategy Understanding these macroeconomic factors can help investors make informed decisions about Bitcoin price exposure. The 12-day timeline provides a specific window to monitor potential Bitcoin price movements. However, remember that past performance doesn’t guarantee future results. The analysis concludes that market conditions are improving significantly. With the liquidity crunch behind us, the environment appears favorable for Bitcoin price growth. This could represent an important opportunity for those tracking Bitcoin price trends. Frequently Asked Questions What is the TGA? The Treasury General Account is the U.S. Treasury’s primary operating account at the Federal Reserve. How does TGA liquidity affect Bitcoin price? When funds release from TGA, it increases market liquidity, which often flows into risk assets like Bitcoin. Why 12 days specifically? Historical data from the 2019 shutdown showed Bitcoin rebounding 12 days after liquidity normalized. Is this guaranteed to happen again? While historical patterns are compelling, market conditions can vary, so nothing is guaranteed. How much liquidity is being released? Analysts estimate approximately $150 billion in funds are becoming available. What other factors could affect Bitcoin price? Regulatory developments, institutional adoption, and broader market sentiment all play roles. Found this analysis helpful? Share these Bitcoin price insights with fellow investors on social media to help them stay informed about potential market movements. To learn more about the latest Bitcoin trends, explore our article on key developments shaping Bitcoin price action and institutional adoption. This post Bitcoin Price Surge: Incredible 12-Day Rally Expected After TGA Liquidity Normalization first appeared on BitcoinWorld.
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Coinstats2025/11/14 16:15